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{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
'''''Ruminococcus''''' is a genus of bacteria in the class [[Clostridia]].<ref name=NCBI></ref> They are anaerobic, [[Gram-positive]] [[Gut flora|gut microbes]]. One or more species in this genus are found in significant numbers in the human [[gut microbiota]]. The type species is ''R. flavefaciens''. As usual, bacteria taxonomy is in flux, with Clostridia being [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]], and some erroneous members of ''Ruminococcus'' being reassigned to a new genus ''[[Blautia]]'' on the basis of [[16S ribosomal RNA|16S rRNA]] gene sequences.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu C, Finegold SM, Song Y, Lawson PA | title = Reclassification of Clostridium coccoides, Ruminococcus hansenii, Ruminococcus hydrogenotrophicus, Ruminococcus luti, Ruminococcus productus and Ruminococcus schinkii as Blautia coccoides gen. nov., comb. nov., Blautia hansenii comb. nov., Blautia hydrogenotrophica comb. nov., Blautia luti comb. nov., Blautia producta comb. nov., Blautia schinkii comb. nov. and description of Blautia wexlerae sp. nov., isolated from human faeces | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 58 | issue = Pt 8 | pages = 1896–902 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18676476 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.65208-0 | publisher = Society for General Microbiology | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2008IJSEM..58.1896L }}</ref>
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Ruminococcus bovis.png
| taxon = Ruminococcus
| authority = Sijpesteijn 1948
| type_species = ''[[Ruminococcus flavefaciens]]''
| type_species_authority = Sijpesteijn 1948
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = *  ''[[Ruminococcus albus]]''
*  ''[[Ruminococcus bovis]]''
*  ''[[Ruminococcus bromii]]''
*  ''[[Ruminococcus callidus]]''
*  ''[[Ruminococcus champanellensis]]''
*  ''[[Ruminococcus flavefaciens]]''
*  ''[[Ruminococcus gauvreauii]]''
*  ''[[Ruminococcus lactaris]]''
*  ''[[Ruminococcus torques]]''
*  ''[[Ruminococcus turbiniformis]]''
}}


'''''Ruminococcus''''' is a genus of bacteria in the class [[Clostridia]].<ref name=NCBI></ref> They are anaerobic, [[Gram-positive]] [[Gut flora|gut microbes]]. One or more species in this genus are found in significant numbers in the human [[gut microbiota]]. The type species is ''R. flavefaciens''. As usual, bacteria taxonomy is in flux, with Clostridia being [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]], and some erroneous members of ''Ruminococcus'' being reassigned to a new genus ''[[Blautia]]'' on the basis of [[16S ribosomal RNA|16S rRNA]] gene sequences.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu C, Finegold SM, Song Y, Lawson PA | title = Reclassification of Clostridium coccoides, Ruminococcus hansenii, Ruminococcus hydrogenotrophicus, Ruminococcus luti, Ruminococcus productus and Ruminococcus schinkii as Blautia coccoides gen. nov., comb. nov., Blautia hansenii comb. nov., Blautia hydrogenotrophica comb. nov., Blautia luti comb. nov., Blautia producta comb. nov., Blautia schinkii comb. nov. and description of Blautia wexlerae sp. nov., isolated from human faeces | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 58 | issue = Pt 8 | pages = 1896–902 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18676476 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.65208-0 | publisher = Society for General Microbiology | doi-access = free }}</ref>
One of the most highly cited papers involving the genus ''Ruminococcus'' is a paper describing [[interspecies hydrogen transfer]] between ''Ruminococcus albus'' and ''[[Wolinella]] succinogenes''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Iannotti EL, Kafkewitz D, Wolin MJ, Bryant MP | title = Glucose fermentation products in Ruminococcus albus grown in continuous culture with Vibrio succinogenes: changes caused by interspecies transfer of H 2 | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | volume = 114 | issue = 3 | pages = 1231–40 | date = June 1973 | doi = 10.1128/JB.114.3.1231-1240.1973 | pmid = 4351387 | pmc = 285387 | bibcode = 1973JBact.114.1231I }}</ref>


One of the most highly cited papers involving the genus ''Ruminococcus'' is a paper describing [[interspecies hydrogen transfer]] between ''Ruminococcus albus'' and ''[[Wolinella]] succinogenes''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Iannotti EL, Kafkewitz D, Wolin MJ, Bryant MP | title = Glucose fermentation products in Ruminococcus albus grown in continuous culture with Vibrio succinogenes: changes caused by interspecies transfer of H 2 | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | volume = 114 | issue = 3 | pages = 1231–40 | date = June 1973 | doi = 10.1128/JB.114.3.1231-1240.1973 | pmid = 4351387 | pmc = 285387 }}</ref>
In 1972, ''Ruminococcus bromii'' was reportedly found in the human gut, which was the first of several species discovered.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rajilić-Stojanović M, de Vos WM | title = The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota | journal = FEMS Microbiology Reviews | volume = 38 | issue = 5 | pages = 996–1047 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 24861948 | pmc = 4262072 | doi = 10.1111/1574-6976.12075 | bibcode = 2014FEMMR..38..996R }}</ref> They may play a role in plant cell wall breakdown in the [[Large intestine|colon]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon|year=2012|doi=10.1038/ismej.2012.4|doi-access=free|last1=Ze|first1=Xiaolei|last2=Duncan|first2=Sylvia H.|last3=Louis|first3=Petra|last4=Flint|first4=Harry J.|journal=The ISME Journal|volume=6|issue=8|pages=1535–1543|pmid=22343308|pmc=3400402|bibcode=2012ISMEJ...6.1535Z }}</ref>


In 1972, ''Ruminococcus bromii'' was reportedly found in the human gut, which was the first of several species discovered.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rajilić-Stojanović M, de Vos WM | title = The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota | journal = FEMS Microbiology Reviews | volume = 38 | issue = 5 | pages = 996–1047 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 24861948 | pmc = 4262072 | doi = 10.1111/1574-6976.12075 }}</ref> They may play a role in plant cell wall breakdown in the [[Large intestine|colon]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon|year=2012|doi=10.1038/ismej.2012.4|doi-access=free|last1=Ze|first1=Xiaolei|last2=Duncan|first2=Sylvia H.|last3=Louis|first3=Petra|last4=Flint|first4=Harry J.|journal=The ISME Journal|volume=6|issue=8|pages=1535–1543|pmid=22343308|pmc=3400402|bibcode=2012ISMEJ...6.1535Z }}</ref>
One study found that ''R. albus'', ''R. callidus'', and ''R. bromii'' are less abundant in people with [[inflammatory bowel disease]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nagao-Kitamoto H, Kamada N | title = Host-microbial Cross-talk in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | language = English | journal = Immune Network | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–12 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28261015 | pmc = 5334117 | doi = 10.4110/in.2017.17.1.1 }}</ref> ''Ruminococcus'' are also less abundant in patients with [[Parkinson's disease]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hill-Burns |first1=EM |last2=Debelius |first2=JW |last3=Morton |first3=JT |last4=Wissemann |first4=WT |last5=Lewis |first5=MR |last6=Wallen |first6=ZD |last7=Peddada |first7=SD |last8=Factor |first8=SA |last9=Molho |first9=E |last10=Zabetian |first10=CP |last11=Knight |first11=R |last12=Payami |first12=H |title=Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease medications have distinct signatures of the gut microbiome. |journal=Movement Disorders |date=May 2017 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=739–749 |doi=10.1002/mds.26942 |pmid=28195358|pmc=5469442 }}</ref> and [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brenner |first1=D |last2=Hiergeist |first2=A |last3=Adis |first3=C |last4=Mayer |first4=B |last5=Gessner |first5=A |last6=Ludolph |first6=AC |last7=Weishaupt |first7=JH |title=The fecal microbiome of ALS patients. |journal=Neurobiol Aging |date=Jan 2018 |volume=61 |pages=132–137 |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.023 |pmid=29065369 |s2cid=296116 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rowin |first1=J |last2=Xia |first2=Y |last3=Jung |first3=B |last4=Sun |first4=J |title=Gut inflammation and dysbiosis in human motor neuron disease. |journal=Physiol Rep |date=Sep 2017 |volume=5 |issue=18 |article-number=e13443 |doi=10.14814/phy2.13443 |doi-access=free |pmid=28947596 |pmc=5617930 }}</ref> ''R. gnavus'' is associated with [[Crohn's disease]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Henke|first1=Matthew T.|last2=Kenny|first2=Douglas J.|last3=Cassilly|first3=Chelsi D.|last4=Vlamakis|first4=Hera|last5=Xavier|first5=Ramnik J.|last6=Clardy|first6=Jon|date=2019-06-25|title=Ruminococcus gnavus, a member of the human gut microbiome associated with Crohn's disease, produces an inflammatory polysaccharide|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=26|pages=12672–12677|doi=10.1073/pnas.1904099116|issn=0027-8424|pmid=31182571|pmc=6601261|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019PNAS..11612672H }}</ref><ref name="MicrobioJ">{{cite journal | vauthors = Juge N | title = Microbe Profile: Ruminococcus gnavus: the yin and yang of human gut symbionts | journal = Microbiology | volume = 169 | issue = 8 | page = 001383| date = August 2023| pmid = 37622435 | pmc = 10482369 | doi = 10.1099/mic.0.001383 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
 
One study found that ''R. albus'', ''R. callidus'', and ''R. bromii'' are less abundant in people with [[inflammatory bowel disease]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nagao-Kitamoto H, Kamada N | title = Host-microbial Cross-talk in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | language = English | journal = Immune Network | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–12 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28261015 | pmc = 5334117 | doi = 10.4110/in.2017.17.1.1 }}</ref> ''Ruminococcus'' are also less abundant in patients with [[Parkinson's disease]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hill-Burns |first1=EM |last2=Debelius |first2=JW |last3=Morton |first3=JT |last4=Wissemann |first4=WT |last5=Lewis |first5=MR |last6=Wallen |first6=ZD |last7=Peddada |first7=SD |last8=Factor |first8=SA |last9=Molho |first9=E |last10=Zabetian |first10=CP |last11=Knight |first11=R |last12=Payami |first12=H |title=Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease medications have distinct signatures of the gut microbiome. |journal=Movement Disorders |date=May 2017 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=739–749 |doi=10.1002/mds.26942 |pmid=28195358|pmc=5469442 }}</ref> and [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brenner |first1=D |last2=Hiergeist |first2=A |last3=Adis |first3=C |last4=Mayer |first4=B |last5=Gessner |first5=A |last6=Ludolph |first6=AC |last7=Weishaupt |first7=JH |title=The fecal microbiome of ALS patients. |journal=Neurobiol Aging |date=Jan 2018 |volume=61 |pages=132–137 |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.023 |pmid=29065369 |s2cid=296116 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rowin |first1=J |last2=Xia |first2=Y |last3=Jung |first3=B |last4=Sun |first4=J |title=Gut inflammation and dysbiosis in human motor neuron disease. |journal=Physiol Rep |date=Sep 2017 |volume=5 |issue=18 |article-number=e13443 |doi=10.14814/phy2.13443 |pmid=28947596 |pmc=5617930 }}</ref> ''R. gnavus'' is associated with [[Crohn's disease]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Henke|first1=Matthew T.|last2=Kenny|first2=Douglas J.|last3=Cassilly|first3=Chelsi D.|last4=Vlamakis|first4=Hera|last5=Xavier|first5=Ramnik J.|last6=Clardy|first6=Jon|date=2019-06-25|title=Ruminococcus gnavus, a member of the human gut microbiome associated with Crohn's disease, produces an inflammatory polysaccharide|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=26|pages=12672–12677|doi=10.1073/pnas.1904099116|issn=0027-8424|pmid=31182571|pmc=6601261|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019PNAS..11612672H }}</ref><ref name="MicrobioJ">{{cite journal | vauthors = Juge N | title = Microbe Profile: Ruminococcus gnavus: the yin and yang of human gut symbionts | journal = Microbiology | volume = 169 | issue = 8 | page = 001383| date = August 2023| pmid = 37622435 | pmc = 10482369 | doi = 10.1099/mic.0.001383 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


==Phylogeny==
==Phylogeny==

Latest revision as of 00:05, 16 October 2026

Ruminococcus is a genus of bacteria in the class Clostridia.[1] They are anaerobic, Gram-positive gut microbes. One or more species in this genus are found in significant numbers in the human gut microbiota. The type species is R. flavefaciens. As usual, bacteria taxonomy is in flux, with Clostridia being paraphyletic, and some erroneous members of Ruminococcus being reassigned to a new genus Blautia on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences.[2]

One of the most highly cited papers involving the genus Ruminococcus is a paper describing interspecies hydrogen transfer between Ruminococcus albus and Wolinella succinogenes.[3]

In 1972, Ruminococcus bromii was reportedly found in the human gut, which was the first of several species discovered.[4] They may play a role in plant cell wall breakdown in the colon.[5]

One study found that R. albus, R. callidus, and R. bromii are less abundant in people with inflammatory bowel disease.[6] Ruminococcus are also less abundant in patients with Parkinson's disease[7] and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[8][9] R. gnavus is associated with Crohn's disease.[10][11]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[12] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[1]

120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220[13][14][15]
Ruminococcus

R. champanellensis Chassard et al. 2012

R. callidus Holdeman & Moore 1974

R. flavefaciens Sijpesteijn 1948

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sayers; et al. "Ruminococcus". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
  2. ↑ Liu C, Finegold SM, Song Y, Lawson PA (August 2008). "Reclassification of Clostridium coccoides, Ruminococcus hansenii, Ruminococcus hydrogenotrophicus, Ruminococcus luti, Ruminococcus productus and Ruminococcus schinkii as Blautia coccoides gen. nov., comb. nov., Blautia hansenii comb. nov., Blautia hydrogenotrophica comb. nov., Blautia luti comb. nov., Blautia producta comb. nov., Blautia schinkii comb. nov. and description of Blautia wexlerae sp. nov., isolated from human faeces". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 58 (Pt 8). Society for General Microbiology: 1896–902. Bibcode:2008IJSEM..58.1896L. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65208-0. PMID 18676476.
  3. ↑ Iannotti EL, Kafkewitz D, Wolin MJ, Bryant MP (June 1973). "Glucose fermentation products in Ruminococcus albus grown in continuous culture with Vibrio succinogenes: changes caused by interspecies transfer of H 2". Journal of Bacteriology. 114 (3): 1231–40. Bibcode:1973JBact.114.1231I. doi:10.1128/JB.114.3.1231-1240.1973. PMC 285387. PMID 4351387.
  4. ↑ Rajilić-Stojanović M, de Vos WM (September 2014). "The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 38 (5): 996–1047. Bibcode:2014FEMMR..38..996R. doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12075. PMC 4262072. PMID 24861948.
  5. ↑ Ze, Xiaolei; Duncan, Sylvia H.; Louis, Petra; Flint, Harry J. (2012). "Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon". The ISME Journal. 6 (8): 1535–1543. Bibcode:2012ISMEJ...6.1535Z. doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.4. PMC 3400402. PMID 22343308.
  6. ↑ Nagao-Kitamoto H, Kamada N (February 2017). "Host-microbial Cross-talk in Inflammatory Bowel Disease". Immune Network. 17 (1): 1–12. doi:10.4110/in.2017.17.1.1. PMC 5334117. PMID 28261015.
  7. ↑ Hill-Burns, EM; Debelius, JW; Morton, JT; Wissemann, WT; Lewis, MR; Wallen, ZD; Peddada, SD; Factor, SA; Molho, E; Zabetian, CP; Knight, R; Payami, H (May 2017). "Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease medications have distinct signatures of the gut microbiome". Movement Disorders. 32 (5): 739–749. doi:10.1002/mds.26942. PMC 5469442. PMID 28195358.
  8. ↑ Brenner, D; Hiergeist, A; Adis, C; Mayer, B; Gessner, A; Ludolph, AC; Weishaupt, JH (Jan 2018). "The fecal microbiome of ALS patients". Neurobiol Aging. 61: 132–137. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.023. PMID 29065369. S2CID 296116.
  9. ↑ Rowin, J; Xia, Y; Jung, B; Sun, J (Sep 2017). "Gut inflammation and dysbiosis in human motor neuron disease". Physiol Rep. 5 (18) e13443. doi:10.14814/phy2.13443. PMC 5617930. PMID 28947596.
  10. ↑ Henke, Matthew T.; Kenny, Douglas J.; Cassilly, Chelsi D.; Vlamakis, Hera; Xavier, Ramnik J.; Clardy, Jon (2019-06-25). "Ruminococcus gnavus, a member of the human gut microbiome associated with Crohn's disease, produces an inflammatory polysaccharide". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (26): 12672–12677. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11612672H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1904099116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6601261. PMID 31182571.
  11. ↑ Juge N (August 2023). "Microbe Profile: Ruminococcus gnavus: the yin and yang of human gut symbionts". Microbiology. 169 (8): 001383. doi:10.1099/mic.0.001383. PMC 10482369. PMID 37622435.
  12. ↑ A.C. Parte; et al. "Ruminococcus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2023-09-09.
  13. ↑ "GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  14. ↑ "bac120_r220.sp_labels". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  15. ↑ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.

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