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Species

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{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Distinguish|Pruvotella}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Prevotella
| authority = Shah and Collins 1990
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms = * ''Hoylesella'' Hitch ''et al.'' 2023
* ''Leyella'' Hitch ''et al.'' 2023
* ''Segatella'' Hitch ''et al.'' 2023
* ''Xylanibacter'' Ueki ''et al''. 2006
}}

'''''Prevotella''''' is a [[genus]] of [[anaerobic organisms|anaerobic]] [[Gram-negative bacteria]]. The [[type species]] is ''[[Prevotella melaninogenica]]''.

''Prevotella'' species are widely distributed across varied ecological habitats, with 63 characterized species spanning both human and other mammalian hosts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Tett |first1=Adrian |last2=Pasolli |first2=Edoardo |last3=Masetti |first3=Giulia |last4=Ercolini |first4=Danilo |last5=Segata |first5=Nicola |date=September 2021 |title=Prevotella diversity, niches and interactions with the human host |journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=585–599 |doi=10.1038/s41579-021-00559-y |issn=1740-1534 |pmid=34050328|pmc=11290707 |hdl=11572/316673 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In mammals, this genus is notably prevalent in the swine gut microbiome.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xiaofan |last2=Tsai |first2=Tsungcheng |last3=Deng |first3=Feilong |last4=Wei |first4=Xiaoyuan |last5=Chai |first5=Jianmin |last6=Knapp |first6=Joshua |last7=Apple |first7=Jason |last8=Maxwell |first8=Charles V. |last9=Lee |first9=Jung Ae |last10=Li |first10=Ying |last11=Zhao |first11=Jiangchao |date=2019-07-30 |title=Longitudinal investigation of the swine gut microbiome from birth to market reveals stage and growth performance associated bacteria |journal=Microbiome |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=109 |doi=10.1186/s40168-019-0721-7 |doi-access=free |issn=2049-2618 |pmc=6664762 |pmid=31362781}}</ref>

In humans, ''Prevotella'' [[species]] are members of the [[oral microbiota|oral]], [[List of microbiota species of the lower reproductive tract of women|vaginal]], and [[gut microflora|gut microbiota]] and are often recovered from [[anaerobic infection]]s of the [[respiratory tract]]. These infections include [[aspiration pneumonia]], [[lung abscess]], pulmonary [[empyema]], and chronic [[otitis media]] and [[sinusitis]]. They have been isolated from [[abscesses]] and burns in the vicinity of the mouth, [[bites]], [[paronychia]], [[urinary tract infection]], [[brain abscess]]es, [[osteomyelitis]], and [[bacteremia]] associated with upper respiratory tract infections. ''Prevotella'' spp. predominate in [[periodontal disease]] and [[periodontal abscess]]es.<ref name="pmid18524268">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tanaka S, Yoshida M, Murakami Y, etal |title=The relationship of ''Prevotella intermedia'', ''Prevotella nigrescens'' and ''Prevotella melaninogenica'' in the supragingival plaque of children, caries and oral malodor |journal=J Clin Pediatr Dent |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=195–200 |year=2008 |pmid=18524268 |doi= 10.17796/jcpd.32.3.vp657177815618l1|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Role in gut microbiota ==
The human gut is mainly inhabited by two [[Phylum|phyla]] of bacteria, ''[[Bacillota]]'' and ''[[Bacteroidota]]'', the latter mostly dominated by ''[[Bacteroides]]'' and ''Prevotella'' [[Genus|genera]]. ''Prevotella'' and ''Bacteroides'' are thought to have had a common ancestor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ley|first=Ruth E.|date=February 2016|title=Gut microbiota in 2015: Prevotella in the gut: choose carefully|journal=Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology|volume=13|issue=2|pages=69–70|doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2016.4|issn=1759-5053|pmid=26828918|s2cid=30114888}}</ref> Formally, the two genera were differentiated in 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shah|first1=H. N.|last2=Collins|first2=D. M.|date=April 1990|title=Prevotella, a new genus to include Bacteroides melaninogenicus and related species formerly classified in the genus Bacteroides|journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology|volume=40|issue=2|pages=205–208|doi=10.1099/00207713-40-2-205|issn=0020-7713|pmid=2223612|doi-access=free}}</ref> However classification is ongoing. For example, ''[[Bacteroides melaninogenicus]]'' has been reclassified and split into ''Prevotella melaninogenica'' and ''[[Prevotella intermedia]]''.<ref name="urlBacteroides Infection: Overview - eMedicine">{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233339-overview|title=Bacteroides Infection: Overview - eMedicine|access-date=2008-12-11}}</ref> Either ''Prevotella'' or ''Bacteroides'' dominate the gut and may be antagonistic. ''Prevotella'' is more common in non-Westernised populations consuming a [[plant-based diet|plant-rich diet]]. In Western populations it has been associated with diets rich in fruits and vegetables. Genome analysis of ''[[Prevotella copri]]'' showed it was deficient in the ability to degrade host [[glycan]]s and is more genetically equipped for plant glycan degradation.<ref name=":0" /> In a study of gut bacteria of children in [[Burkina Faso]], ''Prevotella'' made up 53% of the gut bacteria but were absent in age-matched European children.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1005963107|title=The impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota is revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa|year=2010|last1=De Filippo|first1=C.|last2=Cavalieri|first2=D.|last3=Di Paola|first3=M.|last4=Ramazzotti|first4=M.|last5=Poullet|first5=J. B.|last6=Massart|first6=S.|last7=Collini|first7=S.|last8=Pieraccini|first8=G.|last9=Lionetti|first9=P.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=107|issue=33|pages=14691–6|pmid=20679230|pmc=2930426|url=http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/162970/1/2010-PNAS-deFilippo.pdf|bibcode=2010PNAS..10714691D|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Long-term diet is reported to be associated with gut microbiome composition: those who eat protein and animal fats have predominantly ''[[Bacteroides]]'' bacteria, while those who consume more carbohydrates, especially fibre, feature ''Prevotella'' species.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, Sinha R, Gilroy E, Gupta K, Baldassano R, Nessel L, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis JD |title= Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes |journal=Science |volume=334 |issue=6052 |pages= 105–8 |date=October 7, 2011 |pmc=3368382 |pmid=21885731 |doi= 10.1126/science.1208344 |bibcode= 2011Sci...334..105W }}</ref>

''Prevotella'' is associated with gut inflammation. Increased levels of ''P. copri'' might contribute to chronic inflammation in [[HIV]] patients. Single species isolate ''P. copri'' CB7 has been reported to be beneficial or detrimental, depending on context.<ref name=":0" /> The genus ''Prevotella'' exhibits significant genetic diversity, particularly between species associated with humans and those found in other animals. This diversity is highlighted by distinct evolutionary paths and genome sizes, with ranging base pair sizes and notable variation in G+C content. Human-related ''Prevotella'' species tend to group separately from those in animals such as swine and ruminants.<ref name=":1" /> In addition to genetic and overall microbiota differences, ''Prevotella''<nowiki/>'s high genetic diversity makes it difficult to predict their function, which can vary across individuals.<ref name=":0" />

There have also been studies uncovering the role of [[bacteriophage]]s, including the discovery of megaphages in the large intestine associated with ''Prevotella'', highlighting the potential for these phages to influence microbial populations within the host microbiome.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Devoto |first1=Audra E. |last2=Santini |first2=Joanne M. |last3=Olm |first3=Matthew R. |last4=Anantharaman |first4=Karthik |last5=Munk |first5=Patrick |last6=Tung |first6=Jenny |last7=Archie |first7=Elizabeth A. |last8=Turnbaugh |first8=Peter J. |last9=Seed |first9=Kimberley D. |last10=Blekhman |first10=Ran |last11=Aarestrup |first11=Frank M. |last12=Thomas |first12=Brian C. |last13=Banfield |first13=Jillian F. |date=April 2019 |title=Megaphages infect Prevotella and variants are widespread in gut microbiomes |journal=Nature Microbiology |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=693–700 |doi=10.1038/s41564-018-0338-9 |issn=2058-5276 |pmc=6784885 |pmid=30692672}}</ref>

== Vaginal microbiota ==
''Prevotella'' species may be [[Commensalism|commensal]] in the [[vagina]], though increased abundance of ''Prevotella'' in vaginal mucosa is associated with [[bacterial vaginosis]]. A study of 542 Korean women, including identical and fraternal twins, highlighted that the vaginal microbiota's composition is influenced by menopausal status and bacterial vaginosis, with ''Lactobacillus'' and ''Prevotella'' being the most inheritable among beneficial and potentially harmful bacteria, respectively. An analysis pinpointed a genetic link between [[interleukin-5]] variants and ''Prevotella'' abundance. Additionally, obesity was found to significantly diversify the vaginal microbiota, particularly increasing ''Prevotella'' presence. Other environmental factors like hormone therapy, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can also influence the abundance of ''Prevotella''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Si |first1=Jiyeon |last2=You |first2=Hyun Ju |last3=Yu |first3=Junsun |last4=Sung |first4=Joohon |last5=Ko |first5=GwangPyo |date=2017-01-11 |title=Prevotella as a Hub for Vaginal Microbiota under the Influence of Host Genetics and Their Association with Obesity |journal=Cell Host & Microbe |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=97–105 |doi=10.1016/j.chom.2016.11.010 |issn=1934-6069 |pmid=28017660|doi-access=free }}</ref>

''[[Prevotella bivia]]'' produces [[lipopolysaccharide]]s and ammonia that are part of vaginal mucus. It is also associated with epithelial [[cytokine]] production and enhances the growth of other bacterial vaginosis-associated organisms, such as ''[[Gardnerella vaginalis]]''. The latter in turn was found to stimulate growth of ''P. bivia''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Randis |first1=Tara M. |last2=Ratner |first2=Adam J. |date=2019-02-01 |title=Gardnerella and Prevotella: Co-conspirators in the Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=220 |issue=7 |pages=1085–1088 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiy705 |issn=1537-6613 |pmc=6736359 |pmid=30715397}}</ref> ''P. bivia'' in the vaginal tract triggers an immune response similar to lipopolysaccharides, activating genes involved in the [[T helper 17 cell|Th17]] pathway ([[IL23A]], [[Interleukin 6|IL6]], [[IL1A]], [[IL1B]]) through antigen-presenting cells. This activation leads to the recruitment of Th cells to the inflamed area, important for women's health since the presence of [[CCR5]]+ Th cells in the vaginal mucosa could increase HIV transmission risk during bacterial vaginosis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gosmann |first1=Christina |last2=Anahtar |first2=Melis N. |last3=Handley |first3=Scott A. |last4=Farcasanu |first4=Mara |last5=Abu-Ali |first5=Galeb |last6=Bowman |first6=Brittany A. |last7=Padavattan |first7=Nikita |last8=Desai |first8=Chandni |last9=Droit |first9=Lindsay |last10=Moodley |first10=Amber |last11=Dong |first11=Mary |last12=Chen |first12=Yuezhou |last13=Ismail |first13=Nasreen |last14=Ndung'u |first14=Thumbi |last15=Ghebremichael |first15=Musie S. |date=2017-01-17 |title=Lactobacillus-Deficient Cervicovaginal Bacterial Communities Are Associated with Increased HIV Acquisition in Young South African Women |journal=Immunity |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=29–37 |doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2016.12.013 |issn=1097-4180 |pmc=5270628 |pmid=28087240}}</ref>

== Pathogenicity ==
''Prevotella intermedia'' and ''P. nigrescens'' are associated with inflammatory [[periodontal disease]]s, such as pregnancy gingivitis, acute [[Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis|necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis]] and adult [[periodontitis]]. Together with ''[[Porphyromonas gingivalis]]'' they are known as black-pigmenting anaerobes. All three require [[Hemin|haemin]] to provide [[iron]] for their growth. These species were shown to bind [[lactoferrin]] that is released together with the contents of [[neutrophil]]s during inflammation and bleeding in periodontitis patients. Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of ''P. gingivalis'' but not ''Prevotella''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aguilera|first1=O.|last2=Andrés|first2=M. T.|last3=Heath|first3=J.|last4=Fierro|first4=J. F.|last5=Douglas|first5=C. W.|date=May 1998|title=Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of lactoferrin on Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens|journal=FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology|volume=21|issue=1|pages=29–36|doi=10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01146.x|issn=0928-8244|pmid=9657318|doi-access=free}}</ref> Inorganic iron and iron-binding proteins such as [[transferrin]] and lactoferrin do not support the growth of ''P. intermedia'', however hemin–iron-containing compounds which include hemin, human [[hemoglobin]], bovine hemoglobin, and bovine [[catalase]] stimulate the growth of ''P. intermedia.''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Folk|first1=Shawn P.|last2=Leung|first2=K.-P.|date=2002-03-01|title=Effects of porphyrins and inorganic iron on the growth of Prevotella intermedia|journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters|volume=209|issue=1|pages=15–21|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11103.x|pmid=12007648|issn=0378-1097|doi-access=free}}</ref> Hemoglobin-binding protein on the cell surface of ''P. intermedia'' has been described.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shizukuishi|first1=Satoshi|last2=Minamino|first2=Naoto|last3=Kuboniwa|first3=Masae|last4=Maeda|first4=Kazuhiko|last5=Nagata|first5=Hideki|last6=Guan|first6=Su-Min|date=2004-06-01|title=Purification and characterization of a hemoglobin-binding outer membrane protein of Prevotella intermedia|journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters|volume=235|issue=2|pages=333–339|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09607.x|pmid=15183882|issn=0378-1097|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Some studies have linked abnormal levels of ''Prevotella copri'' and [[rheumatoid arthritis]].<ref name="Scher2013">{{cite journal |author1= Jose U Scher |author2= Andrew Sczesnak |author3= Randy S Longman |author4=Nicola Segata |author5=Carles Ubeda |author6=Craig Bielski |author7=Tim Rostron |author8=Vincenzo Cerundolo |author9=Eric G Pamer |author10=Steven B Abramson |author11=Curtis Huttenhower |author12=Dan R Littman |title= Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis |journal= eLife |date= November 5, 2013 |volume= 2 |article-number= e01202 |doi= 10.7554/eLife.01202 |pmid= 24192039 |pmc= 3816614 |doi-access= free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haridy |first=Rich |date=2022-10-19 |title=New evidence linking gut bacteria with rheumatoid arthritis development |url=https://newatlas.com/health-wellbeing/microbiome-gut-bacteria-rheumatoid-arthritis-antibodies-immune/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref>

An overgrowth of ''Prevotella'' and a reduction of ''[[Lactobacillus]]'' correlated with the onset of [[osteomyelitis]] in mice. The reduction of ''Prevotella'' in model mice led to an increase of ''Lactobacillus'' showing a protection effect against osteomyelitis. Thus, changes in the ''Prevotella'' microbiota may be related to the development of [[osteomyelitis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lukens|first1=John R.|last2=Gurung|first2=Prajwal|last3=Vogel|first3=Peter|last4=Johnson|first4=Gordon R.|last5=Carter|first5=Robert A.|last6=McGoldrick|first6=Daniel J.|last7=Bandi|first7=Srinivasa Rao|last8=Calabrese|first8=Christopher R.|last9=Walle|first9=Lieselotte Vande|date=2014-12-11|title=Dietary modulation of the microbiome affects autoinflammatory disease|journal=Nature|volume=516|issue=7530|pages=246–249|doi=10.1038/nature13788|issn=0028-0836|pmc=4268032|pmid=25274309|bibcode=2014Natur.516..246L}}</ref>

Approximately 70% and 30% of ''Prevotella'' are resistant to [[penicillin]] and [[clindamycin]], respectively, while resistance to [[amoxicillin/clavulanate]] and [[metronidazole]] is reported in less than 10% of the clinical strains responsible for bloodstream infections in humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Di Bella |first1=Stefano |last2=Antonello |first2=Roberta Maria |last3=Sanson |first3=Gianfranco |last4=Maraolo |first4=Alberto Enrico |last5=Giacobbe |first5=Daniele Roberto |last6=Sepulcri |first6=Chiara |last7=Ambretti |first7=Simone |last8=Aschbacher |first8=Richard |last9=Bartolini |first9=Laura |last10=Bernardo |first10=Mariano |last11=Bielli |first11=Alessandra |date=June 2022 |title=Anaerobic bloodstream infections in Italy (ITANAEROBY): A 5-year retrospective nationwide survey |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1075996422000713 |journal=Anaerobe |language=en |volume=75 |article-number=102583 |doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102583|pmid=35568274 |s2cid=248736289 |hdl=11368/3020691 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

== Species ==
{{Div col|style=column-count:4; column-width:auto;}}
* ''[[Prevotella albensis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella amnii]]''
* ''[[Prevotella baroniae]]''
* ''[[Prevotella bergensis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella bivia]]''
* ''[[Prevotella brevis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella brunnea]]''
* ''[[Prevotella bryantii]]''
* ''[[Prevotella buccae]]''
* ''[[Prevotella buccalis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella cerevisiae]]''
* ''[[Prevotella colorans]]''
* ''[[Prevotella communis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella copri]]''
* ''[[Prevotella corporis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella dentalis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella dentasini]]''
* ''[[Prevotella denticola]]''
* ''[[Prevotella disiens]]''
* ''[[Prevotella enoeca]]''
* ''[[Prevotella falsenii]]''
* ''[[Prevotella fusca]]''
* ''[[Prevotella heparinolytica]]''
* ''[[Prevotella herbatica]]''
* ''[[Prevotella histicola]]''
* ''[[Prevotella hominis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella illustrans]]''
* ''[[Prevotella intermedia]]''
* ''[[Prevotella jejuni]]''
* ''[[Prevotella lacticifex]]''
* ''[[Prevotella lascolaii]]''
* ''[[Prevotella loescheii]]''
* ''[[Prevotella maculosa]]''
* ''[[Prevotella marseillensis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella marshii]]''
* ''[[Prevotella melaninogenica]]''
* ''[[Prevotella micans]]''
* ''[[Prevotella mikamonis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella mizrahii]]''
* ''[[Prevotella multiformis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella multisaccharivorax]]''
* ''[[Prevotella nanceiensis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella nigrescens]]''
* ''[[Prevotella oralis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella oris]]''
* ''[[Prevotella oulorum]]''
* ''[[Prevotella pallens]]''
* ''[[Prevotella paludivivens]]''
* ''[[Prevotella phocaeensis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella pleuritidis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella rara]]''
* ''[[Prevotella ruminicola]]''
* ''[[Prevotella saccharolytica]]''
* ''[[Prevotella salivae]]''
* ''[[Prevotella scopos]]''
* ''[[Prevotella shahii]]''
* ''[[Prevotella stercorea]]''

* ''[[Prevotella timonensis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella veroralis]]''
* ''[[Prevotella vespertina]]''
{{Div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Enterotype]]
* [[List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7242440}}

[[Category:Bacteroidia]]
[[Category:Gut flora bacteria]]
[[Category:Infections with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]
[[Category:Pathogenic bacteria]]

Prevotella - Revision history

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en>Cytoscape: /* Species */