Methanobacterium formicicum BRM9 - Revision history

Heryakusuma: /* DefenseFinder Results */

2026-11-03T20:45:06Z

DefenseFinder Results

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:45, 3 November 2026
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	\|DnaQ/DEDDh exonuclease, <br>cas1_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_7, <br>cas2_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_5, <br>cas3_I_2, <br>cas4_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_6, <br>cas5_I-B_6, <br>cas6_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_10, <br>cas7_I-B_6, <br>cas8b1_I-B_13		\|DnaQ/DEDDh exonuclease, <br>cas1_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_7, <br>cas2_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_5, <br>cas3_I_2, <br>cas4_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_6, <br>cas5_I-B_6, <br>cas6_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_10, <br>cas7_I-B_6, <br>cas8b1_I-B_13
	\|}		\|}
	'''''Abbreviation:''''' CRISPR-Cas, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR associated enzymes~~; RM, restriction-modification~~; Prometheus, DNA replication helicase/nuclease 2 (DNA2)-containing anti-phage defense protein<ref>van den Berg DF, Costa AR, Esser JQ, Stanciu I, Geissler JQ, Zoumaro-Djayoon AD, Haas PJ, Brouns SJJ. Bacterial homologs of innate eukaryotic antiviral defenses with anti-phage activity highlight shared evolutionary roots of viral defenses. Cell Host Microbe. 2024 Aug 14;32(8):1427-1443.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2024.07.007.</ref>; ~~RAZR~~, ~~ring~~-~~activated zinc-finger RNase<ref>Zhang~~, ~~T., Lyu, Y., Beck, C.R. ''et al.'' Bacterial immune activation via supramolecular assembly~~ with ~~phage triggers. ''Nature'' '''651''', 1051–1059 (2026~~)~~. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-10060-8.~~ </ref>~~; PD-T7-4~~, ~~phage defense selecting against T7 bacteriophage system 4<ref>Vassallo CN~~, ~~Doering CR~~, ~~Littlehale ML~~, ~~Teodoro GIC~~, ~~Laub MT~~. ~~A functional selection reveals previously undetected anti-phage defence systems in the E~~. ~~coli pangenome. Nat Microbiol~~. 2022 ~~Oct;7(10):1568-1579. doi: 10.1038/s41564-022-01219-4. Epub 2022 Sep 19. Erratum in: Nat Microbiol. 2024 Oct~~;9(10):~~2760-2761~~. https://doi.org/10.~~1038~~/~~s41564-024-01724-8~~. </ref>~~; REase, restriction endonuclease~~.		'''''Abbreviation:''''' CBASS, cyclic-oligonucleotide-based antiphage signalling system<ref>Cohen, D., Melamed, S., Millman, A. ''et al.'' Cyclic GMP–AMP signalling protects bacteria against viral infection. ''Nature'' '''574''', 691–695 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1605-5. </ref>; CRISPR-Cas, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR associated enzymes; Prometheus, DNA replication helicase/nuclease 2 (DNA2)-containing anti-phage defense protein<ref>van den Berg DF, Costa AR, Esser JQ, Stanciu I, Geissler JQ, Zoumaro-Djayoon AD, Haas PJ, Brouns SJJ. Bacterial homologs of innate eukaryotic antiviral defenses with anti-phage activity highlight shared evolutionary roots of viral defenses. Cell Host Microbe. 2024 Aug 14;32(8):1427-1443.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2024.07.007.</ref>; RM, restriction-modification; Avs, antiviral STAND (Signal Transduction ATPases with Numerous Domains)<ref>Gao LA, Wilkinson ME, Strecker J, Makarova KS, Macrae RK, Koonin EV, Zhang F. Prokaryotic innate immunity through pattern recognition of conserved viral proteins. Science. 2022 Aug 12;377(6607):eabm4096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm4096. </ref>.

	=== Methylating ''E. coli'' ===		=== Methylating ''E. coli'' ===

Heryakusuma: /* DefenseFinder Results */

2026-11-03T20:36:38Z

DefenseFinder Results

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:36, 3 November 2026
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	\|DnaQ/DEDDh exonuclease, <br>cas1_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_7, <br>cas2_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_5, <br>cas3_I_2, <br>cas4_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_6, <br>cas5_I-B_6, <br>cas6_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_10, <br>cas7_I-B_6, <br>cas8b1_I-B_13		\|DnaQ/DEDDh exonuclease, <br>cas1_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_7, <br>cas2_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_5, <br>cas3_I_2, <br>cas4_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_6, <br>cas5_I-B_6, <br>cas6_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_10, <br>cas7_I-B_6, <br>cas8b1_I-B_13
	\|}		\|}
			'''''Abbreviation:''''' CRISPR-Cas, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR associated enzymes; RM, restriction-modification; Prometheus, DNA replication helicase/nuclease 2 (DNA2)-containing anti-phage defense protein<ref>van den Berg DF, Costa AR, Esser JQ, Stanciu I, Geissler JQ, Zoumaro-Djayoon AD, Haas PJ, Brouns SJJ. Bacterial homologs of innate eukaryotic antiviral defenses with anti-phage activity highlight shared evolutionary roots of viral defenses. Cell Host Microbe. 2024 Aug 14;32(8):1427-1443.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2024.07.007.</ref>; RAZR, ring-activated zinc-finger RNase<ref>Zhang, T., Lyu, Y., Beck, C.R. ''et al.'' Bacterial immune activation via supramolecular assembly with phage triggers. ''Nature'' '''651''', 1051–1059 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-10060-8. </ref>; PD-T7-4, phage defense selecting against T7 bacteriophage system 4<ref>Vassallo CN, Doering CR, Littlehale ML, Teodoro GIC, Laub MT. A functional selection reveals previously undetected anti-phage defence systems in the E. coli pangenome. Nat Microbiol. 2022 Oct;7(10):1568-1579. doi: 10.1038/s41564-022-01219-4. Epub 2022 Sep 19. Erratum in: Nat Microbiol. 2024 Oct;9(10):2760-2761. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-024-01724-8. </ref>; REase, restriction endonuclease.

	=== Methylating ''E. coli'' ===		=== Methylating ''E. coli'' ===

Heryakusuma: /* DefenseFinder Results */

2026-11-03T20:26:36Z

DefenseFinder Results

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:26, 3 November 2026
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	\|CBASS		\|CBASS
	\|CBASS Type II with a Cap4 effector		\|CBASS Type II with a Cap4 effector
	\|Cap2 - E1 (ThiF/adenylyltransferase) module, <br>CD-NTase / cyclase (Type II allele), <br>Cap3 - JAB/JAMM isopeptidase, <br>Cap4 - SAVED + HNH effector		\|Cap2 - E1 (ThiF/adenylyltransferase) module, <br>CD-NTase / cyclase (Type II allele), <br>Cap3 - JAB/JAMM isopeptidase, <br>Cap4 - SAVED and HNH effector
	\|-		\|-
	\|Cas		\|CRISPR-Cas
	\|CAS Class1 Subtype IB		\|CAS Class1 Subtype IB
	\|~~Cas1~~, ~~Cas2~~, ~~Cas3~~, ~~Cas4~~, ~~Cas5~~, ~~Cas6~~, ~~Cas7b~~, ~~Cas8b1~~		\|cas1_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_7, <br>cas2_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_5, <br>cas3_I_5, <br>cas4_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_6, <br>cas5_I-B_17, <br>cas6_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_10, <br>cas7b_I-B_I-C_2, <br>cas8b1_I-B_5

	\|-		\|-
	\|Prometheus		\|Prometheus
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	\|Avs2		\|Avs2
	\|-		\|-
	\|Cas		\|CRISPR-Cas
	\|~~CAS_Class1-~~Subtype~~-I-B~~		\|CAS Class1 Subtype IB
	\|DnaQ/DEDDh exonuclease, ~~Cas1~~, ~~Cas2~~, ~~Cas3~~, ~~Cas4~~, ~~Cas5_I~~-B_6,cas6_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_10,cas7_I-B_6,cas8b1_I-B_13		\|DnaQ/DEDDh exonuclease, <br>cas1_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_7, <br>cas2_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_5, <br>cas3_I_2, <br>cas4_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_6, <br>cas5_I-B_6, <br>cas6_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_10, <br>cas7_I-B_6, <br>cas8b1_I-B_13
	\|}		\|}

Heryakusuma: /* DefenseFinder Results */

2026-11-03T19:58:24Z

DefenseFinder Results

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:58, 3 November 2026
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	\|-		\|-
	\|CBASS		\|CBASS
	\|~~CBASS_II_Cap4~~		\|CBASS Type II with a Cap4 effector
	\|~~CBASS__AG_E1_ThiF~~,~~CBASS__Cyclase_II~~,~~CBASS__Jab~~,~~CBASS__SAVED_Cap4~~		\|Cap2 - E1 (ThiF/adenylyltransferase) module, <br>CD-NTase / cyclase (Type II allele), <br>Cap3 - JAB/JAMM isopeptidase, <br>Cap4 - SAVED + HNH effector
	\|-		\|-
	\|Cas		\|Cas
	\|~~CAS_Class1-~~Subtype~~-I-B~~		\|CAS Class1 Subtype IB
	\|~~cas1_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_7~~,~~cas2_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_5~~,~~cas3_I_5~~,~~cas4_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_6~~,~~cas5_I-B_17~~,~~cas6_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_10~~,~~cas7b_I-B_I-C_2~~,~~cas8b1_I-B_5~~		\|Cas1, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7b, Cas8b1
	\|-		\|-
	\|Prometheus		\|Prometheus
	\|Prometheus		\|Prometheus
	\|~~Prometheus__ProA~~		\|ProA
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~RM_Type_I~~		\|RM Type I
	\|~~N6_RM_Type_I~~		\|N6-adenine methylation (m6A)
	\|~~RM__Type_I_MTases_FAM_0~~,~~RM__Type_I_REases_FAM_0.einsi_trimmed~~,~~RM__Type_I_S_51,RM__Type_I_S_51~~		\|Type I RM methyltransferase (HsdM), <br>Type I RM restriction endonuclease (HsdR), <br>Type I RM specificity subunit (HsdS)
	\|-		\|-
	\|Avs		\|Avs
			\|Avs family 2
	\|Avs2		\|Avs2
	~~\|Avs2__Avs2~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|Cas		\|Cas
	\|CAS_Class1-Subtype-I-B		\|CAS_Class1-Subtype-I-B
	\|~~DEDDh_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_1~~,~~cas1_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_7~~,~~cas2_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_5~~,~~cas3_I_2~~,~~cas4_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_6~~,~~cas5_I~~-B_6,cas6_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_10,cas7_I-B_6,cas8b1_I-B_13		\|DnaQ/DEDDh exonuclease, Cas1, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5_I-B_6,cas6_I_II_III_IV_V_VI_10,cas7_I-B_6,cas8b1_I-B_13
	\|}		\|}


	=== Methylating ''E. coli'' ===		=== Methylating ''E. coli'' ===

Heryakusuma: /* Introduction */

2026-11-03T19:48:26Z

Introduction

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	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
			[[File:Mfor BRM9.gif\|thumb\|Phase-contrast (top) and epifluorescence (bottom) microscopy of ''Methanobacterium formicicum'' BRM9. '''Source:''' Christian Heryakusuma.]]
	''Methanobacterium formicicum'' BRM9 is isolated from the rumen enrichment of non-lactating, rumen-fistulated, 6-year-old New Zealand Friesian cows grazing ryegrass/clover pastures<ref>Jarvis, G., Strömpl, C., Burgess, D. ''et al.'' Isolation and Identification of Ruminal Methanogens from Grazing Cattle. ''Curr Microbiol'' '''40''', 327–332 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002849910065. </ref>. Although ''Methanobacterium'' species are relatively low in abundance in the rumen environment<ref>Janssen PH, Kirs M. Structure of the archaeal community of the rumen. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Jun;74(12):3619-25. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02812-07. Epub 2008 Apr 18. PMID: 18424540; PMCID: PMC2446570.</ref>, they have been found as endosymbionts of anaerobic amoebae and ciliate protozoa<ref>Kelly WJ, Leahy SC, Li D, Perry R, Lambie SC, Attwood GT, Altermann E. The complete genome sequence of the rumen methanogen Methanobacterium formicicum BRM9. Stand Genomic Sci. 2014 Dec 8;9:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1944-3277-9-15. PMID: 25780506; PMCID: PMC4335013.</ref>. This uniqueness makes ''M. formicicu''m BRM9 a methanogen of interest for GMH, as understanding these methanogenic endosymbiont interactions might open a venue for novel strategies in livestock methane mitigation.		''Methanobacterium formicicum'' BRM9 is isolated from the rumen enrichment of non-lactating, rumen-fistulated, 6-year-old New Zealand Friesian cows grazing ryegrass/clover pastures<ref>Jarvis, G., Strömpl, C., Burgess, D. ''et al.'' Isolation and Identification of Ruminal Methanogens from Grazing Cattle. ''Curr Microbiol'' '''40''', 327–332 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002849910065. </ref>. Although ''Methanobacterium'' species are relatively low in abundance in the rumen environment<ref>Janssen PH, Kirs M. Structure of the archaeal community of the rumen. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Jun;74(12):3619-25. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02812-07. Epub 2008 Apr 18. PMID: 18424540; PMCID: PMC2446570.</ref>, they have been found as endosymbionts of anaerobic amoebae and ciliate protozoa<ref>Kelly WJ, Leahy SC, Li D, Perry R, Lambie SC, Attwood GT, Altermann E. The complete genome sequence of the rumen methanogen Methanobacterium formicicum BRM9. Stand Genomic Sci. 2014 Dec 8;9:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1944-3277-9-15. PMID: 25780506; PMCID: PMC4335013.</ref>. This uniqueness makes ''M. formicicu''m BRM9 a methanogen of interest for GMH, as understanding these methanogenic endosymbiont interactions might open a venue for novel strategies in livestock methane mitigation.

Heryakusuma: /* DefenseFinder Results */

2026-11-03T19:35:20Z

DefenseFinder Results

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 === DefenseFinder Results ===
-add here
+{| class="wikitable"
 === Methylating ''E. coli'' ===

Heryakusuma: /* Introduction */

2026-11-03T00:43:49Z

Introduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:43, 3 November 2026
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	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
	''Methanobacterium formicicum'' BRM9 is isolated from the rumen enrichment of non-lactating, rumen-fistulated, 6-year-old New Zealand Friesian cows grazing ryegrass/clover pastures<ref>Jarvis, G., Strömpl, C., Burgess, D. ''et al.'' Isolation and Identification of Ruminal Methanogens from Grazing Cattle. ''Curr Microbiol'' '''40''', 327–332 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002849910065. </ref>. ~~While the abundance of~~ ''Methanobacterium'' species is relatively low in the rumen environment, they have been found as endosymbionts of anaerobic amoebae and ciliate protozoa ~~species~~.		''Methanobacterium formicicum'' BRM9 is isolated from the rumen enrichment of non-lactating, rumen-fistulated, 6-year-old New Zealand Friesian cows grazing ryegrass/clover pastures<ref>Jarvis, G., Strömpl, C., Burgess, D. ''et al.'' Isolation and Identification of Ruminal Methanogens from Grazing Cattle. ''Curr Microbiol'' '''40''', 327–332 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002849910065. </ref>. Although ''Methanobacterium'' species are relatively low in abundance in the rumen environment<ref>Janssen PH, Kirs M. Structure of the archaeal community of the rumen. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Jun;74(12):3619-25. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02812-07. Epub 2008 Apr 18. PMID: 18424540; PMCID: PMC2446570.</ref>, they have been found as endosymbionts of anaerobic amoebae and ciliate protozoa<ref>Kelly WJ, Leahy SC, Li D, Perry R, Lambie SC, Attwood GT, Altermann E. The complete genome sequence of the rumen methanogen Methanobacterium formicicum BRM9. Stand Genomic Sci. 2014 Dec 8;9:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1944-3277-9-15. PMID: 25780506; PMCID: PMC4335013.</ref>. This uniqueness makes ''M. formicicu''m BRM9 a methanogen of interest for GMH, as understanding these methanogenic endosymbiont interactions might open a venue for novel strategies in livestock methane mitigation.

	== Global Methane Hub Metadata ==		== Global Methane Hub Metadata ==

Heryakusuma: /* Introduction */

2026-11-03T00:36:11Z

Introduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:36, 3 November 2026
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	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
	''Methanobacterium formicicum'' BRM9 is isolated from the rumen enrichment of non-lactating, rumen-fistulated, 6-year-old New Zealand Friesian cows grazing ryegrass/clover pastures<ref>Jarvis, G., Strömpl, C., Burgess, D. ''et al.'' Isolation and Identification of Ruminal Methanogens from Grazing Cattle. ''Curr Microbiol'' '''40''', 327–332 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002849910065. </ref>.		''Methanobacterium formicicum'' BRM9 is isolated from the rumen enrichment of non-lactating, rumen-fistulated, 6-year-old New Zealand Friesian cows grazing ryegrass/clover pastures<ref>Jarvis, G., Strömpl, C., Burgess, D. ''et al.'' Isolation and Identification of Ruminal Methanogens from Grazing Cattle. ''Curr Microbiol'' '''40''', 327–332 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002849910065. </ref>. While the abundance of ''Methanobacterium'' species is relatively low in the rumen environment, they have been found as endosymbionts of anaerobic amoebae and ciliate protozoa species.

	== Global Methane Hub Metadata ==		== Global Methane Hub Metadata ==

Heryakusuma: /* Genome */

2026-11-03T00:21:15Z

Genome

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	<div style="clear: both;"></div>		<div style="clear: both;"></div>

	Genomic DNA (gDNA) of ''M. formicicum'' BRM9 was extracted using NEB Monarch<sup>®</sup> Spin gDNA Extraction Kit following manufacturer protocols for gram-positive bacteria and archaea, except that lysozyme was replaced with phage pseudomurein endoisopeptidase of ''~~Methanocatella smithii~~'' PS (~~PeiS~~); ~~an ''Escherichia coli'' strain encoding the PeiS gene was kindly provided by Prof~~. ~~Metcalf (University of Illinois Urbana~~-~~Champaign)~~.		Genomic DNA (gDNA) of ''M. formicicum'' BRM9 was extracted using NEB Monarch<sup>®</sup> Spin gDNA Extraction Kit following the manufacturer's protocols for gram-positive bacteria and archaea, except that lysozyme was replaced with the phage ΨM2 pseudomurein endoisopeptidase of ''Methanothermobacter marburgensis'' (PeiP)<ref>Luo Y, Pfister P, Leisinger T, Wasserfallen A. Pseudomurein endoisopeptidases PeiW and PeiP, two moderately related members of a novel family of proteases produced in Methanothermobacter strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2002 Feb 19;208(1):47-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11059.x. </ref>.

	The extracted gDNA was sequenced with Oxford Nanopore, then assembled with Flye<ref>Kolmogorov M, Yuan J, Lin Y, Pevzner PA. Assembly of long, error-prone reads using repeat graphs. Nat Biotechnol. 2019 May;37(5):540-546. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0072-8. Epub 2019 Apr 1. PMID: 30936562.</ref> and polished with medaka (https://github.com/nanoporetech/medaka). The assembled genome was evaluated for completeness and contamination using QUAST<ref>Gurevich A, Saveliev V, Vyahhi N, Tesler G. QUAST: quality assessment tool for genome assemblies. Bioinformatics. 2013 Apr 15;29(8):1072-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt086. Epub 2013 Feb 19. PMID: 23422339; PMCID: PMC3624806.</ref> and CheckM2<ref>Parks DH, Imelfort M, Skennerton CT, Hugenholtz P, Tyson GW. CheckM: assessing the quality of microbial genomes recovered from isolates, single cells, and metagenomes. Genome Res. 2015 Jul;25(7):1043-55. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.186072.114. Epub 2015 May 14. PMID: 25977477; PMCID: PMC4484387.</ref>. Bakta v1.12.0<ref>Schwengers O, Jelonek L, Dieckmann MA, Beyvers S, Blom J, Goesmann A. Bakta: rapid and standardized annotation of bacterial genomes via alignment-free sequence identification. Microb Genom. 2021 Nov;7(11):000685. https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000685. PMID: 34739369; PMCID: PMC8743544.</ref> with database v6.0 full (https://github.com/oschwengers/bakta) was used for genome annotation. All these bioinformatics analyses were performed at the Virginia Tech Advanced Research Computing (VT-ARC) facility.		The extracted gDNA was sequenced with Oxford Nanopore, then assembled with Flye<ref>Kolmogorov M, Yuan J, Lin Y, Pevzner PA. Assembly of long, error-prone reads using repeat graphs. Nat Biotechnol. 2019 May;37(5):540-546. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0072-8. Epub 2019 Apr 1. PMID: 30936562.</ref> and polished with medaka (https://github.com/nanoporetech/medaka). The assembled genome was evaluated for completeness and contamination using QUAST<ref>Gurevich A, Saveliev V, Vyahhi N, Tesler G. QUAST: quality assessment tool for genome assemblies. Bioinformatics. 2013 Apr 15;29(8):1072-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt086. Epub 2013 Feb 19. PMID: 23422339; PMCID: PMC3624806.</ref> and CheckM2<ref>Parks DH, Imelfort M, Skennerton CT, Hugenholtz P, Tyson GW. CheckM: assessing the quality of microbial genomes recovered from isolates, single cells, and metagenomes. Genome Res. 2015 Jul;25(7):1043-55. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.186072.114. Epub 2015 May 14. PMID: 25977477; PMCID: PMC4484387.</ref>. Bakta v1.12.0<ref>Schwengers O, Jelonek L, Dieckmann MA, Beyvers S, Blom J, Goesmann A. Bakta: rapid and standardized annotation of bacterial genomes via alignment-free sequence identification. Microb Genom. 2021 Nov;7(11):000685. https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000685. PMID: 34739369; PMCID: PMC8743544.</ref> with database v6.0 full (https://github.com/oschwengers/bakta) was used for genome annotation. All these bioinformatics analyses were performed at the Virginia Tech Advanced Research Computing (VT-ARC) facility.

Heryakusuma: /* Introduction */

2026-10-28T23:54:19Z

Introduction

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	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
	''~~Methanocatella gottschalkii~~'' ~~HO<sup>T</sup> (formerly ''Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii'')~~ is ~~a type strain~~ isolated from the enrichment of ~~horse faeces<ref>Miller~~, ~~T. L. (2002). "Description of Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii sp. nov.~~, Methanobrevibacter thaueri sp. nov., Methanobrevibacter woesei sp. nov. and Methanobrevibacter wolinii sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (3): 819–822. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-52-~~3-819.<~~/ref>. ''M. gottschalkii'', along with ''Methanobrevibacter ruminantium'', comprises about 74% of total archaeal OTUs from rumen samples collected across a wide range of geographical regions, hosts, and diets<ref>~~Henderson~~, G., ~~Cox~~, F., ~~Ganesh~~, S. ''et al.'' ~~Rumen microbial community composition varies with diet~~ and ~~host, but a core microbiome is found across a wide geographical range~~. ''~~Sci Rep~~'' '''5''', ~~14567~~ (~~2015~~). https://doi.org/10.~~1038~~/~~srep14567~~. </ref>. ~~This universality makes them methanogens of particular interest to the Global Methane Hub, as it enables strategies to mitigate methane emissions by targeting these dominant methanogens.~~		''Methanobacterium formicicum'' BRM9 is isolated from the rumen enrichment of non-lactating, rumen-fistulated, 6-year-old New Zealand Friesian cows grazing ryegrass/clover pastures<ref>Jarvis, G., Strömpl, C., Burgess, D. ''et al.'' Isolation and Identification of Ruminal Methanogens from Grazing Cattle. ''Curr Microbiol'' '''40''', 327–332 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002849910065. </ref>.

	== Global Methane Hub Metadata ==		== Global Methane Hub Metadata ==