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{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2010}}{{cleanup|reason=Properly structure article. Update references to wikipedia standards.|date=October 2022}}
{{Automatic_taxobox
| taxon = Butyrivibrio
| authority = Bryant and Small 1956<ref name=LPSN></ref>
| type_species = ''[[Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens]]''
| type_species_authority = corrig. Bryant & Small 1956
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
* ''[[Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens|B. fibrisolvens]]''
* ''[[Butyrivibrio hungatei|B. hungatei]]''
* ''[[Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus|B. proteoclasticus]]''
* "''Ca.'' B. umebia"
| synonyms=
* ''Vibrio'' ("''Butyrivibrio''") (Bryant & Small 1956) Prévot 1961
}}

'''''Butyrivibrio''''' is a genus of [[bacteria]] in [[Clostridia|Class Clostridia]]. Bacteria of this genus are common in the [[gastrointestinal system]]s of many animals. Genus ''Butyrivibrio'' was first described by Bryant and Small (1956) as [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic]], [[Butyric acid|butyric acid-producing]], curved [[Bacillus (shape)|rods]] (or vibroids). ''Butyrivibrio'' cells are small, typically 0.4 – 0.6 [[Micrometre|μm]] by 2 – 5 μm. They are [[Motility|motile]], using a single polar or subpolar monotrichous [[flagellum]]. They are commonly found singly or in short chains but it is not unusual for them to form long chains. Despite historically being described as [[Gram-negative bacteria|Gram-negative]],<ref name=bs>{{cite journal|pmid=13345769|pmc=289715|year=1956|author1=BRYANT MP|title=The anaerobic monotrichous butyric acid-producing curved rod-shaped bacteria of the rumen|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=72|issue=1|pages=16–21|author2=SMALL N|doi=10.1128/JB.72.1.16-21.1956 |bibcode=1956JBact..72...16B }}</ref> their [[cell wall]]s contain derivatives of [[teichoic acid]],<ref name="pmid845122">{{cite journal|pmid=845122|pmc=235129|year=1977|last1=Cheng|first1=K. J.|title=Ultrastructure of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens: A gram-positive bacterium|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=129|issue=3|pages=1506–12|last2=Costerton|first2=J. W.|doi=10.1128/JB.129.3.1506-1512.1977}}</ref> and [[electron microscopy]] indicates that bacteria of this genus have a [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive cell wall type]].<ref name="pmid845122"/><ref name=bev>Beveridge, 1990</ref> It is thought that they appear Gram-negative when Gram stained because their cell walls thin to 12 to 18 [[Nanometre|nm]] as they reach [[Bacterial growth|stationary phase]].<ref name=bev/>

''Butyrivibrio'' species are common in the [[rumen]]s of [[ruminant]] animals such as [[cows]], [[deer]] and [[sheep]], where they are involved in a number of ruminal functions of [[Agriculture|agricultural]] importance in addition to [[butyrate]] production.<ref name=mj>Miller & Jenesel, 1979</ref> These include fibre degradation, [[Protein catabolism|protein breakdown]], [[Hydrogenation|biohydrogenation]] of [[lipid]]s and the production of microbial inhibitors.<ref name=bh>Blackburn & Hobson, 1962</ref><ref name=kt>Kalmokoff & Teather, 1997</ref><ref name=kepler>Kepler et al., 1966</ref><ref name=ds>Dehority & Scott, 1967</ref><ref name=polan>Polan et al., 1964</ref> Of particular importance to ruminant digestion, and therefore productivity, is their contribution to the degradation of plant structural carbohydrates, principally [[hemicellulose]].<ref name=ds/><ref name=mv>Morris & Van Gylswyk, 1980</ref>

==Metabolism==
''Butyrivibrio'' species are metabolically versatile and are able to [[Fermentation (biochemistry)|ferment]] a wide range of [[sugar]]s<ref name=stewart>Stewart et al., 1997</ref> and [[cellodextrin]]s.<ref name=russell>Russell, 1985</ref> Some strains have been reported to break down [[cellulose]],<ref name=shane>Shane et al., 1969</ref> although their ability to sustain growth on cellulose appears to be lost during [[In vitro|in vitro culturing]]. Most isolates are [[Amylolytic process|amylolytic]]<ref name=cotta>Cotta, 1988</ref> and are able to degrade [[xylan]] by producing xylanolytic<ref name=hespell>Hespell et al., 1987</ref><ref name=sewell>Sewell et al., 1988</ref> and [[esterase]] enzymes.<ref name=ho>Hespell & O'Bryan-Shah, 1988</ref><ref name=lh>Lin & Thomson, 1991</ref> The induction of [[xylanase]] enzymes varies between strains; in group D1 strains (49, H17c, 12) xylanase expression appears to be [[Glossary of gene expression terms|constitutively expressed]], while groups B1 (113) and C (CF3) are induced only by growth on xylan, and those of group B2 are induced by growth on xylan or [[arabinose]].<ref name=hw>Hespell & Whitehead, 1990</ref>

A number of genes encoding [[glycoside hydrolase]]s (GH) have been identified in ''Butyrivibrio'' species including [[endocellulase]] (GH family 5 and 9); [[Beta-glucosidase|β-Glucosidase]] (GH family 3); [[endoxylanase]] (GH family 10 and 11); [[Beta-xylosidase|β-Xylosidase]] (GH family 43); and [[Alpha-Amylase|α-Amylase]] (GH family 13) enzymes. Several [[carbohydrate-binding module|carbohydrate binding modules]] (CBM) have also been identified that are predicted to bind [[glycogen]] (CBM family 48); xylan or [[chitin]] (CBM family 2); and starch (CBM family 26).<ref name=krause>Krause et al., 2003</ref><ref name=cantarel>Cantarel et al., 2008</ref>

==Strains==
The genus ''Butyrivibrio'' encompasses over 60 strains that were originally confined to the species ''[[Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens]]'' based on their [[Phenotype|phenotypic]] and metabolic characteristics. However, [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic analyses]] based on 16S [[ribosomal RNA]] (rRNA) gene sequences has divided the genus ''Butyrivibrio'' into six families.<ref name=kopecny>Kopecny et al., 2003 (fig. 1.1)</ref> These families include the rumen isolates ''Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens'', ''B. hungateii'', ''B. proteoclasticus'', ''Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans'', and ''P. ruminis'' and the human isolate ''B. crossotus''. The families ''B. fibrisolvens'', ''B. crossotus'', ''B. hungateii'' as well as ''B. proteoclasticus'' all belong to the ''[[Clostridium]]'' sub-cluster XIVa.<ref name=willems>Willems et al., 1996</ref>

==Phylogeny==
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the [[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)<ref name=LPSN>{{cite web | author=A.C. Parte | display-authors= et al.| url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/butyrivibrio | title=Butyrivibrio| access-date=2022-09-09 | publisher=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)}}</ref> and [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI)<ref name=NCBI>{{cite web |author = Sayers| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=830&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Butyrivibrio |access-date=2022-09-09 |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) taxonomy database |display-authors=et al.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=1 | 16S rRNA based [[The All-Species Living Tree Project|LTP]]_10_2024<ref>{{cite web|title=The LTP |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP| access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LTP_all tree in newick format| url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_10_2024.ntree |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LTP_10_2024 Release Notes| url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_10_2024_release_notes.pdf |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref>
! colspan=1 | 120 marker proteins based [[Genome Taxonomy Database|GTDB]] 09-RS220<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 09-RS220 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=bac120_r220.sp_labels |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release220/220.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r220.sp_labels.tree |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align:top|
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|label1=''Butyrivibrio''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens|B. fibrisolvens]]'' corrig. Bryant & Small 1956
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Butyrivibrio hungatei|B. hungatei]]'' Kopecny et al. 2003
|2=''[[Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus|B. proteoclasticus]]'' (Attwood, Reilly & Patel 1996) Moon et al. 2008
}}
}}
}}
|
{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|label1=''Butyrivibrio''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens|B. fibrisolvens]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Butyrivibrio hungatei|B. hungatei]]''
|2=''[[Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus|B. proteoclasticus]]''
}}
}}
}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of bacterial orders]]
* [[List of bacteria genera]]
* [[Roseburia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Palevich, N. (2016). [[Comparative genomics]] of Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio from the rumen : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Microbiology and Genetics at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (Thesis). Massey University. Retrieved from http://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/9992 or http://hdl.handle.net/10179/9992

{{Bacteria classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3647750}}
[[Category:Lachnospiraceae]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]
[[Category:Gut flora bacteria]]

Butyrivibrio - Revision history

Alexanderwg: 1 revision imported

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